1 Nobel e-Museum (http://www.nobel.se)
2 The NSB will periodically
assess the implementation of these recommendations.
3 The order of presentation
does not imply a priority ranking.
4 As used in this report,
research infrastructure does not include the S&E workforce of
researchers, educators and other professionals, i.e. what is commonly
referred to as the "human infrastructure."
5 Revolutionizing Science
and Engineering through Cyberinfrastructure, Report of the NSF Advisory
Panel on Cyberinfrastructure, Dan Atkins (Chair), February 2003
6
Nobel e-Museum (http://www.nobel.se)
7 The complete charge to the
INF is included in Appendix A
8 This literature list appears
in Appendix B
9 The seven directorates are:
Biological Sciences (BIO); Computer and Information Science and
Engineering (CISE); Education and Human Resources (EHR); Engineering
(ENG); Geosciences (GEO); Mathematical and Physical Sciences (MPS);
and Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences (SBE)
10 See Appendix C for Sources
of Public Comment.
11 This history is based heavily
on two sources: (1) David C. Mowery and Nathan Rosenberg, "U.S.
National Innovation System" in National Innovation Systems:
A Comparative Analysis, ed. Richard R. Nelson, Oxford University
Press, 1993; and (2) Vannevar Bush, Office of Scientific Research
and Development, Science - The Endless Frontier, A Report to the
President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research, July 1945
(NSF 90-8).
12 Research equipment received
either as part of research grants or as separate equipment grants.
13 NSF, Academic Science and
Engineering R&D Expenditures: Fiscal Year 1999, Detailed Statistical
Tables, NSF 01-329; and NSF, unpublished tabulations.
14 NSF Enterprise Information
System.
15 National Science Board,
Science and Engineering Indicators 2002, NSB 02-1, January 2002.
16 NSF/SRS, Scientific and
Engineering Research Facilities, 2001, unpublished survey data.
17 The number of doctoral-level
academic researchers increased from 82,300 in 1973 to 150,100 in
1993, and to 168,100 in 1999. S&E Indicators 2002, 5-23.
18 Charles A. Goldman and
T. Williams, Paying for University Research Facilities and Administration,
RAND, (MR-1135-1-OSTP), Washington, D.C., 2000
19 National Science and Technology
Council, Final Report on Academic Research Infrastructure: A Federal
Plan for Renewal, Washington D.C., March 17, 1995.
20 NSF Division of Science
Resources Statistics, Science and Engineering Research Facilities
at Colleges and Universities, 1998, NSF-01-301, October 2000.
21 NIH Working Group on Construction
of Research Facilities, A Report to the Advisory Committee of the
Director, National Institutes of Health, July 6, 2001.
22 Dan Goldin, Aerospace Daily,
October 17, 2001.
23U.S. Department of Energy,
Infrastructure Frontier: A Quick Look Survey of the Office of Science
Laboratory Infrastructure, April 2001.
24 Unpublished internal survey
of NSF directorates.
25 NSB-00-206- November 2000,
Report of the NSF Advisory Panel on Cyberinfrastructure, Dan Atkins
(Chair), Revolutionizing Science and Engineering through Cyberinfrastructure,
National Science Foundation, February, 2003.
26 NSB, Toward a More Effective
U.S. Role in International Science and Engineering,
27 Committee on the Organization
and Management of Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, National
Research Council, U.S. Astronomy and Astrophysics: Managing an Integrated
Program, August 2001.
28 A teraflop is a measure
of a computer's speed and can be expressed as a trillion floating-point
operations per second.
29 UK Office of Science and
Technology, Large Facilities Strategic Road Map, 2002.
30 Examples of large data
sets include large genomic databases, data gathered from global
observations systems, seismic networks, automated physical science
instruments, and social science databases.
31 R.H. Rich, The Role of
the National Science Foundation in Supporting Advanced Network Infrastructure:
Views of the Research Community, American Association for the Advancement
of Science, Washington, D.C., July 26, 1999.
32 National Science Foundation
Act of 1950 (Public Law 81-0507).
33 Although NSF research
centers are part People, part Ideas and part Tools, for budget convenience
they are classified in the IDEAS category.
34 The amount appropriated
by Congress was $84 million.
35 For example, the amount
of data that will be produced by the Large Hadron Collider at the
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) will be colossal
and require major advances in GRID network technology to fully exploit
it.
36 The NSB will periodically
assess the implementation of these recommendations.
37 The order of presentation
does not imply a priority ranking.
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