Front Matter
Key to Acronyms and Abbreviations
ACGR: adjusted cohort graduation rate
ACS: American Community Survey
ACS: American Competitiveness Survey
ADEA: Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
AFFOA: Advanced Functional Fabrics of America
AFGR: averaged freshman graduation rate
ANBERD: Analytical Business Enterprise R&D
AP: Advanced Placement
ARC: Average of Relative Citations
ARM: Advanced Robotics for Manufacturing
ARMI: Advanced Regenerative Manufacturing Institute
ARPA-E: Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy
ARRA: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act
AUTM: Association of University Technology Managers
BEA: Bureau of Economic Analysis
BLS: Bureau of Labor Statistics
BPS: Beginning Postsecondary Students
BRDIS: Business R&D and Innovation Survey
CAGR: compound average annual growth rate
C-BERT: Cross-Border Education Research Team
CEMI: Clean Energy Manufacturing Initiative
CIS: Community Innovation Survey
CPS: Current Population Survey
CRADA: cooperative R&D agreement
CRDC: Civil Rights Data Collection
CREDO: Center for Research on Education Outcomes
DHS: Department of Homeland Security
DMDII: Digital Manufacturing and Design Innovation Institute
DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals
DOC: Department of Commerce
DOD: Department of Defense
DOE: Department of Energy
EACEA: Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency
EC: European Commission (Overview)
ECDS: Early Career Doctorates Survey
ECLS-K: Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten
ED: Department of Education
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency
EPSCoR: Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research
ESSA: Every Student Succeeds Act
EU: European Union
FDI: foreign direct investment
FedScope: Federal Human Resources Data
FFRDC: federally funded research and development center
FLC: Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer
FTE: full-time equivalent
FY: fiscal year
G20: Group of Twenty
GAO: Government Accountability Office
GBARD: government budget appropriations for R&D
GDP: gross domestic product
GE: genetically engineered
GED: General Educational Development
GERD: gross domestic expenditures on R&D
GHG: greenhouse gas
GM: genetically modified
GMO: genetically modified organism
GMU: George Mason University
GPT: general purpose technology
GSS: General Social Survey
GSS: Survey of Graduate Students and Postdoctorates in Science and Engineering
GUF: general university fund
HBCU: historically black college or university
HDI: Human Development Index
HE: higher education
HERD: Higher Education Research and Development Survey
HHE: High Hispanic enrollment
HHS: Department of Health and Human Services
HPC: high-performance computing
HS: Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System, or Harmonized System
HSI: Hispanic-serving institution
HSLS: High School Longitudinal Study
HT: high technology
IACMI: Institute for Advanced Composites Manufacturing Innovation
IB: International Baccalaureate
ICT: information and communications technologies
IDeA: Institutional Development Award
IEA: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement
IEA: International Energy Agency
IIE: Institute of International Education
IMF: International Monetary Fund
IOF: involuntarily out-of-field
IoT: Internet of Things
IPC: International Patent Classification
IPEDS: Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System
IPO: initial public offering
IPUMS: Integrated Public Use Microdata Series
IRC: Internal Revenue Code
IRS: Internal Revenue Service
ISCED: International Standard Classification of Education
ISCED-F: ISCED Fields of Education and Training
ISIC: International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities
ISO: International Organization for Standardization
IT: information technology
ITC: Investment Tax Credit
IUCRC: Industry–University Cooperative Research Centers Program
K–12: kindergarten through 12th grade
KI: knowledge intensive
KTI: knowledge- and technology-intensive
LIFT: Lightweight Innovations for Tomorrow
MEP: Manufacturing Extension Partnership
MER: market exchange rate
MFP: multifactor productivity
MHT medium-high technology
MIT: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MNC multinational corporation
MNE: multinational enterprise
MOOC: massive open online course
MSI: minority-serving institution
NAEP: National Assessment of Educational Progress
NAFTA: North American Free Trade Agreement
NAGB: National Assessment Governing Board
NAICS: North American Industry Classification System
NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASF: net assignable square feet
NCES: National Center for Education Statistics
NCRPA: National Cooperative Research and Production ActNCSES: National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics
NCTQ: National Center for Teaching Quality
nec: not elsewhere classified
NECTA: New England City and Town Area
NEH: National Endowment for the Humanities
NELS: National Education Longitudinal Study
NGA: National Governors Association
NGSS: Next Generation Science Standards
NIH: National Institutes of Health
NIIMBL: National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals
NIPA: national income and product accounts
NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology
NLR: National Lambda Rail
NLS: National Longitudinal Study
NOAA: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NPL: nonpatent literature
NPSAS: National Postsecondary Student Aid Study
NRC: National Research Council
NSB: National Science Board
NSCG: National Survey of College Graduates
NSCI: National Strategic Computing Initiative
NSF: National Science Foundation
NSLP: National School Lunch Program
NSRCG: National Survey of Recent College Graduates
NTIA: National Telecommunications and Information Administration
NTPS: National Teacher and Principal Survey
OA: open access
OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OES: Occupational Employment Statistics
ONP: other nonprofit organization
OPEC: Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
OPM: Office of Personnel Management
OPT: optional practical training
OSTP: Office of Science and Technology Policy, Executive Office of the President
OWH: other Western Hemisphere
PISA: Program for International Student Assessment
PPP: purchasing power parity
PSM: Professional Science Master’s
PST: professional, scientific, and technical
PTC: Production Tax Credit
R&D: research and development
R&E: research and experimentation
RA: research assistantship
RAPID: Rapid Advancement in Process Intensification Deployment
RC: relative citation
RD&D: research, development, and demonstration
REMADE: Reducing Embodied-energy and Decreasing Emissions in Materials Manufacturing
ROW: rest of world
S&E: science and engineering
S&T: science and technology
SASS: Schools and Staffing Survey
SBA: U.S. Small Business Administration
SBIR: Small Business Innovation Research
SciELO: Scientific Electronic Library Online
SDR: Survey of Doctorate Recipients
SED: Survey of Earned Doctorates
SEH: science, engineering, and health
SEP: standard essential patent
SES: socioeconomic status
SESTAT: Scientists and Engineers Statistical Data System
SET: science, engineering, and technology
SEVIS: Student and Exchange Visitor Information System
SOC: Standard Occupational Classification
STEM: science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
STTR: Small Business Technology Transfer
TA: teaching assistant
TCU: tribal college or university
TEL: technology and engineering literacy
TFP: total factor productivity
TIMSS: Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study
UIS: UNESCO Institute for Statistics
UK: United Kingdom
UN: United Nations
UNESCO: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
URM: underrepresented minority (black or African American, Hispanic or Latino, and American Indian or Alaska Native)
USCIS: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services
USDA: Department of Agriculture
USPTO: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
WebCASPAR: Integrated Science and Engineering Resources Data System
WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization
WTO: World Trade Organization
XSEDE: Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment