Chapter 8 | Invention, Knowledge Transfer, and Innovation
Glossary
Definitions
European Union (EU): The EU comprises 28 member nations: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Unless otherwise noted, data on the EU include all 28 nations.
Federally funded research and development center (FFRDC): R&D-performing organizations that are exclusively or substantially financed by the federal government, to meet a particular R&D objective or, in some instances, to provide major facilities at universities for research and associated training purposes. Each FFRDC is administered by an industrial firm, a university, or a nonprofit institution.
Innovation: The implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service) or process, a new marketing method, or a new organization method in business practices, workplace organization, or external relations (OECD/Eurostat 2005).
Intangibles:Nonphysical factors that contribute to or are used to produce goods or services, or are intended to generate future benefits to the entities that control their use (Blair and Wallman 2001).
Mask works:A series of related images used as patterns in the construction of semiconductor chips.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): An international organization of 34 countries, headquartered in Paris, France. The member countries are Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Among its many activities, OECD compiles social, economic, and S&T statistics for all member and selected nonmember countries.
Technology transfer: The process by which technology or knowledge developed in one place or for one purpose is applied and exploited in another place for some other purpose. In the federal setting, technology transfer is the process by which existing knowledge, facilities, or capabilities developed under federal R&D funding are used to fulfill public and private needs.
Key to Acronyms and Abbreviations
ACS: American Competitiveness Survey
AFFOA: Advanced Functional Fabrics of America
ARM: Advanced Robotics for Manufacturing
ARMI: Advanced Regenerative Manufacturing Institute
ARPA-E: Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy
AUTM: Association of University Technology Managers
BEA: Bureau of Economic Analysis
BLS: Bureau of Labor Statistics
BRDIS: Business R&D and Innovation Survey
CEMI: Clean Energy Manufacturing Initiative
CIS: Community Innovation Survey
CRADA: cooperative R&D agreement
DHS: Department of Homeland Security
DMDII: Digital Manufacturing and Design Innovation Institute
DOC: Department of Commerce
DOD: Department of Defense
DOE: Department of Energy
ED: Department of Education
EU: European Union
FFRDC: federally funded research and development center
FLC: Federal Laboratory Consortium for Technology Transfer
FY: fiscal year
GDP: gross domestic product
GPT: general purpose technology
HHS: Department of Health and Human Services
IACMI: Institute for Advanced Composites Manufacturing Innovation
ICT: information and communications technologies
IPC: International Patent Classification
IPO: initial public offering
ISO: International Organization for Standardization
IT: information technology
IUCRC: Industry-University Cooperative Research Centers Program
LIFT: Lightweight Innovations for Tomorrow
MEP: Hollings Manufacturing Extension Partnership
MFP: multifactor productivity
NAICS: North American Industry Classification System
NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NIIMBL: National Institute for Innovation in Manufacturing Biopharmaceuticals
NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology
NPL: nonpatent literature
NSF: National Science Foundation
OECD: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
R&D: research and development
RAPID: Rapid Advancement in Process Intensification Deployment
REMADE: Reducing Embodied-energy and Decreasing Emissions in Materials Manufacturing
ROW: rest of world
S&E: science and engineering
S&T: science and technology
SBA: U.S. Small Business Administration
SBIR: Small Business Innovation Research
SEP: standard essential patent
STTR: Small Business Technology Transfer
TFP: total factor productivity
UK: United Kingdom
USDA: Department of Agriculture
USPTO: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
WIPO: World Intellectual Property Organization